As we conclude this course on Financial Markets and Institutions, we have developed a comprehensive understanding of how financial systems operate, evolve, and influence economic outcomes at both national and global levels. Beginning with the fundamental question of why financial markets and institutions matter, the course has progressively built a solid analytical framework that connects theory with real-world financial behavior. Throughout the semester, we examined the structure and functions of financial markets, including money, bond, stock, and foreign exchange markets, and explored the vital role they play in facilitating the flow of funds, allocating capital efficiently, managing risk, and supporting economic growth. By analyzing interest rates, their determinants, and their role in valuation, we gained critical insight into how financial assets are priced and how market expectations shape investment decisions. A key theme of the course was understanding risk, including the risk and term structure of interest rates, and how financial institutions emerge to mitigate problems such as transaction costs, asymmetric information, and moral hazard. These concepts are central to explaining why banks, insurance companies, pension funds, and other intermediaries exist and how they contribute to financial stability. The course also emphasized the importance of financial markets in practice, highlighted through simulations, market analysis, and applied problem-solving. Topics such as the money market, capital markets, stock valuation, and foreign exchange markets equipped students with practical tools to interpret financial data and assess market dynamics in real time. As financial systems continue to evolve with technological innovation, regulatory change, and globalization, the knowledge gained in this course provides a strong foundation for advanced study, professional careers in finance, banking, economics, and policymaking, and for making informed financial decisions as individuals. Financial markets are not static—they are dynamic systems that reflect human behavior, expectations, and economic forces. Understanding them is essential to understanding the modern economy.